2025

November 7

US, UK and Russia drive growth of branch campuses worldwide. (Jack Patrick, Times higher Education) https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/us-uk-and-russia-drive-growth-branch-campuses-worldwide

2023

October 4

Challenges in a Disrupted World: Branch Campuses from the United States. (Daniel Kent, International Higher Education) https://ihe.bc.edu/pub/7jmgo1x1/release/1

2019

March 28

How International Education’s Golden Age Lost Its Sheen. (Karin Fischer, Global Affairs UC Davis) https://globalaffairs.ucdavis.edu/news/in-the-news/chronicle-international-education

2018

November 18

Is Kean Giving Control of Its Overseas Faculty to Chinese Government? (Elizabeth Redden, Inside HigherEd) https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/11/16/faculty-kean-u-china-campus-wont-be-kean-employees-much-longer

2017

January 16

Not Enough Specialist Courses on Offer at Dubai Universities, Say Experts (Melanie Swan, The National News) https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/education/dubai-universities-not-offering-enough-courses-in-specialist-subjects-say-experts-1.44390

2016

November 22

The Liberal Arts Have a Big Role to Play in Our Post-Truth World. (Greg Bruno, The National News) https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/the-liberal-arts-have-a-big-role-to-play-in-our-post-truth-world-1.187123

November 14

US Fears Decline in International Students After Trump Election (Times Higher Education)

November 11

China is Now Home to the Most International Branch Campuses in the World – Report (Study International)

November 10

China Overtakes UAE as Top Host of Branch Campuses (University World News)

November 7

New International Tax Reporting May Snag Big U.S. Nonprofits (Bloomberg BNA)

November 1

Indian University’s Bumpy Entry Into the U.S. (Inside Higher Ed)

October 25

Amity Plans US Campus for 10,000 ‘Primarily’ American students (Times Higher Education)

October 18

Number of International Branch Campuses Hits 250 (Inside Higher Ed)

October 10

Amid Scrutiny, Amity University Gets Ready For Its US Debut (The Economic Times)

September 28

Branch Campuses Offer International Students Access to a Global Education (US News & World Report)

July 19, 2016After Brexit, Will UK Universities Set Up EU Branch Campuses? (Times Higher Education)

June 13, 2016Frequently Asked Questions: Best Arab Region Universities Rankings (US News & World Report)

May 27, 2016TNE Growth Must Go Hand in Hand with Quality – Panel (University World News)

March 15, 2016Arab Region Branch Campuses Offer Western-Style Education (US News & World Report)

October 22, 2015Video Powers a Global Education Experience (EdTech)

2015

August 25, 2015Study: Foreign Universities Show Little Interest in U.S. Expansion (USA Today)

July 19, 2015Les hautes écoles croisent désormais le fer à ’étranger (Le Temps)

June 19, 2015From Beijing to Puget Sound (Inside Higher Ed)

June 18, 2015U.S., Chinese Universities to Launch Technology, Design Program (The Wall Street Journal)

May 28, 2015End of Branch Campus Boom? (Inside Higher Ed)

April 30, 2015Global Ambitions in Higher Education (University Business)

April 27, 2015Chinese Anti-Corruption Campaign Targets M.B.A. Programs (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

March 20, 2015Ban on Professor Raises Questions for Offshore Campuses (University World News)

March 18, 2015U.A.E. Incident Raises Questions for Colleges That Open Campuses in Restrictive Countries (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

March 5, 2015Drexel to Close Sacramento Campus (The Sacramento Bee)

February 25, 2015Why a Branch Campus Failed (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

February 24, 2015UC Berkeley Studies International Education Campus in Richmond (Los Angeles Times)

February 20, 2015While Branch Campuses Proliferate, Many Fail (University World News)

January 22, 2015Berkeley Plans to Build a Global Campus, 10 Miles From Home (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

January 13, 2015Educación transnacional: ¿el futuro de la educación? (El Cronista)

December 21, 2014UMass-Lowell and Raytheon Unite on Kuwait Degree Project (The New York Times)

December 12, 2014Weigh the Benefits, Drawbacks of Branch Campuses in Arab Region (US News & World Report)

October 13, 2014United Arab Emirates’ Experiments with Branch Campuses Have Mixed Results (Al-Fanar Media)

June 3, 2014International Branch Campuses Producing Opportunities, Headaches (Diverse: Issues in Higher Education)

April 17, 2014East Coast Colleges Follow the Money South and West (TIME)

March 12, 2014Bucking the Branch Campus (Inside Higher Ed)

February 26, 2014UAE Among Emerging Education Hubs (The National)

February 17, 2014American Universities Are Setting Up Campuses on the Mainland (South China Morning Post)

November 24, 2013After Brandeis and Syracuse, a US School Decides to Stay With Al-Quds (The Jerusalem Post)

November 19, 2013Colleges Go Abroad with Branch Campuses (USA Today)

October 16, 2013Universities Increase Expansion Abroad (Washington Square News)

October 11, 2013Texas A&M Branching Out in Israel? (The Eagle)

October 4, 2013Duke to NYU Missteps Abroad Lead Colleges to Reassess Expansion (Bloomberg)

September 18, 2013International Branch Campuses’ Key Role in the UAE (The National)

September 18, 2013Branch Campuses in UAE Come with Bogey of Western Culture (Gulf News)

September 16, 2013Rwandan Degree Program Aims for a ‘University in a Box’ (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

August 1, 2013Yale Commences With Singapore Wielding Subsidy as Rivals Depart (Bloomberg)

June 22, 2013Ties with China Face Scrutiny in Dispute over Dissident (University World News)

June 18, 2013Academic Ties With China Face New Scrutiny in Dispute Over Dissident (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

April 29, 2013MIT in Moscow Creates Sputnik Moments for $300 Million (Bloomberg)

April 10, 2013Arab Universities Grapple With U.S. Accreditation’s Focus on Academic Freedom (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

April 3, 2013Accreditors Without Borders (Inside Higher Ed)

March 15, 2013Technology Unlikely to Impact the Viability of International Branch Campuses in a Decade (The Evolllution)

February 6, 2013Colleges in Northeast Face Grimmer Future, Analysis Predicts (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

October 28, 2012Slow but Steady Growth in Foreign Branch Campuses (University World News)

October 24, 2012We’ll Always Have Paris…and Shanghai, and Mumbai (New School Free Press)

August 27, 2012Universities Look East, Fueling Branch-Campus Boom (TIME)

June 2, 2012Luring ‘Top-Notch’ Universities to the JGEC (The Jeju Weekly)

May 24, 2012Between Harvard and Yale, a World of Difference (The Harvard Crimson)

May 6, 2012What’s in a Name? For Yale in Singapore, a Whole Lot (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

May 5, 20122012 Global Forum: Conference Report (The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education)

April 19, 2012Yale-NUS Flak Not Mirrored in China (The Straits Times)

March 28, 2012Whose Yale College? (Inside Higher Ed)

February 19, 2012The Effect of ‘Cross-Border’ Education (The National)

February 19, 2012American Colleges’ Missteps Raise Questions About Overseas Partnerships (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

February 12, 2012In Albania, Can a U.S. Diploma Deliver? (The New York Times)

February 12, 2012The Secret of Success for a Branch Campus? It’s All in the Marketing (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

February 7, 2012Debate Arises at Qatar U. Over Decision to Teach Mainly in Arabic (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

October 26, 2011Duke Faculty Question the University’s Global Ambitions (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

October 13, 2011Universities Rethinking Global Expansion (The Boston Globe)

September 14, 2011Carnegie Mellon U. to Open Campus in Rwanda, a Milestone for Africa (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

May 10, 2011If You Build It, They Might Not Come (Inside Higher Ed)

April 27, 2011Aligning International Work With Institutional Priorities (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

November 12, 2010Studying Global Higher Education (Foreign Policy Association)

October 10, 2010GLOBAL: Hot Higher Education Issues (University World News)

September 20, 2010Branch Campuses Forced to Move Out of Dubai (Khaleej Times)

September 19, 2010GLOBAL: Branch Campuses Are ‘Hollow Shells’ (University World News)

September 14, 2010Overseas Branch Campuses Should Start Small, Assess Demand, Proceed Carefully (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

September 05, 2010DUBAI: Regulation is Not the Only Challenge (University World News)

September 2010NYU to Make Abu Dhabi ‘Ideas Capital’ (EdArabia)

August 31, 2010Call to Regulate Dubai’s Foreign Universities (The National)

August 22, 2010A For-Profit College Is the First of Its Kind to Gain Special Government Status in Britain (The Chronicle of Higher Education)

July 06, 2010Michigan State To Close Dubai Campus (NPR) here

Lane, J.E., K. Kinser, & Borgos, J. (2026, February 04). 6 Takeaways From the International Branch Campus Boom. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/views/2026/02/04/6-takeaways-international-branch-campus-boom-opinion

 Lane, J.E. & Gothenberg, A. (2025, November 26). National security focus is undermining HE’s soft power.  University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20251125150030583

 Lane, J.E. (2025, May 23). HE Must be a bold, visible catalyst for global collaboration. University World News.  https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20250522151057181

 Lane, J.E. (2023, Sept 11). IBCs are now powerful tools of public diplomacy. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20230911141300376

 Lane, J.E. & Schueller, J. (2023, February 1). A Guide to the Do’s and Don’ts of International Higher Education Partnerships. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/guide-dos-and-donts-international-partnerships

 Lane, J.E., Torto, N., Andersen, B. (2022, October 22). Foresight 2030: A ‘big picture’ view of international higher education. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20221021105951947.

 Lane, J.E. & Schueller, J.D. (2022, Jan. 22). Can International Branch Campuses Aid in National Identity? University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220119141500610

 Lane, J.E. (2021, April 29). Four reasons international student numbers in the US are unlikely to rebound quickly. The PIE News. https://thepienews.com/the-view-from/four-reasons-international-student-numbers-in-the-us-are-unlikely-to-rebound-quickly/

 Lane, J.E., Borgos, J., Schueller, J., Dey, S., Kinser, K, & Zipf, S. (2021, March 13). What is the future of international branch campuses? University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2021031012405285.

 Lane, J.E. (2018, December 7). Answer threats to academic freedom with engagement. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20181205102209465

 Lane, J.E. (2013, February 6). International Relations and Signals of Change in International Education. World Education News & Reviews. https://wenr.wes.org/2018/02/international-relations-signals-of-change-in-international-education.

Lane, J.E. (2017, January 30). Trump’s Immigration Ban: Will it undercut US Soft Power? The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/trumps-immigration-ban-will-it-undercut-american-soft-power-72156.

Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2015, June 5). Is today’s university the next multi-national corporation? The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/is-todays-university-the-new-multinational-corporation-40681.

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2014, summer). Transnational Education: A Maturing Phenomenon. EAIA Forum, 8-10. 

 Lane, J.E., & Owens, T.A.* (2014). State engagement in higher education internationalization efforts: What should international officers know? AIEA Issue Brief.

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2013, May).  The US Relies Heavily on Foreign Students to Support STEM Fields and the Knowledge Economy: Could the Foreign Talent Bubble Burst?  Policy Observation. Albany, NY. Rockefeller Institute of Government.

 Lane, J.E. (2013, March). New Roles for U.S. Universities in Latin America.  Policy Observation. Albany, NY. Rockefeller Institute of Government.

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2013, Spring). Being or Building: Branch Campuses and Cross Border Higher Education Capacity Development.  IIE Networker, 43-44

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2012). Developing and administering international joint and double degree programs. International Briefs for Higher Education Leaders, No. 2.  Washington D.C.: Center for International Higher Education and American Council on Education.

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2012, June 24). Seeing the Forest beyond the Branch (campus). University World News, 227, Retrieved from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20120622085255832&query=kevin+kinser.

Lane, J.E., Kinser, K. & Knox, D. (2009). The Effects of Interstate Regulations on Cross-Border Public Higher Education. Institute for Higher Education Governance and Law Policy Paper Series.  http://www.law.uh.edu/ihelg/series.html

Lane, J.E., Schueller, J., Farrugia, C. (2025). Defining International Students in Transnational Education. Critical Internationalization Studies Review, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.70531/2832-3211.1044

 Lane, J.E. & Schueller, J. (2025). Binational Universities: Platforms for Cross-Border Academic and Economic Development. International Higher Education, (121), 18–19. Retrieved from https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ihe/article/view/18833 (Chinese translation: https://soe.sjtu.edu.cn/Web/Content/76).

 Schueller, J., Aschenberger, F.K., & Lane, J.E. (2024). Research in Transnational Education: Mixed Methods, Mixed Locations, and Mixed Assumptions. Innovative Higher Education.

 Lane, J.E., Borgos, J., Kinser, K., Schueller, J. (2024) Analyzing risk mitigation in transnational national higher education governance: A principal-agent analysis of international branch campuses. Compare: A journal of comparative and international higher education. 

 Borgos, J., Schueller, J., Lane, J.E., Kinser, K., & Zipf, S. (2023). The Intersection of Internationalization Efforts and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: the case of US-based international branch campuses.  Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. Online Early Print.

 Lane, J.E. & Pohl, H. (2020). Research Productivity of International Branch Campuses.  International Higher Education, 101, 20-22. 

 Lane, J.E. (2018). Importing Branch Campuses to Advance Egypt’s Development. International Higher Education, 95, 7-9. 

 Pohl, H. & Lane, J.E. (2018). Research Contributions of International Branch Campuses to the Scientific Wealth of Academically Developing Countries. Scientometrics. 116(3), 1719-1734, doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2790-y

 Lane, J.E. & Pohl, H. (2017). Is there a benefit to importing a branch campus? Building Research Capacity in Abu Dhabi. International Higher Education, 89, 14-16.

 Borgos, J. (2016). Addressing sustainable international branch campus development through an organizational structure lens: A comparative analysis of China, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Chinese Education & Society, 49(4-5), 271-287.

 Borgos, J. (2016). Exporting and Importing Multinational Higher Education: The Growth of International Branch Campuses. All About Mentoring: A Publication of SUNY Empire State College, 49, 10-14.

 Lane, J.E. (2016).  Embassies of knowledge: International Branch Campuses as physical export of International Relations.  International Studies Review, (00), 21-26.  doi: 10.1093/isr/viw006

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2016). International Branch Campuses: evolution of a phenomenon, International Higher Education, 69, 3-5.

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2014). Managing the oversight of international branch campuses in higher education.  Higher Education Management and Policy, 24(3), 161-176. 

 Borgos, J. (2013). Using Principle -Agent Theory as a framework for analysis in evaluating the multiple stakeholders involved in the accreditation and quality assurance of International Medical Branch Campuses. Quality in Higher Education, 19 (3), 173-190.

 Lane, J. E. & Kinser, K. (2013). Five models of branch campus ownership.  International Higher Education, 70, 9-11.  ** Reprinted in G. Mihut, P. Altbach, H. DeWit (eds.). (2017). Understanding Higher Education Internationalization. Brill.

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2013).  Five Reasons (Other Than Poor Quality) Quality Assurance in Cross Border Higher Education is Problematic. International Higher Education.

 Lane, J.E., Kinser, K., Knox, D. (2013).  Regulating Cross-Border Higher Education:  A Case Study of the United States.  Higher Education Policy, 26, 147-172.   doi: 10.1057/hep.2012.23 

 Farrugia, C. & Lane, J.E. (2013). Legitimacy in Cross-Border Higher Education: Identifying Stakeholders of International Branch Campuses.  Journal of Studies in International Education, 17(4), 414-432. 

 Kinser, K. & Lane, J.E. (2012).  Foreign Outposts of Colleges and Universities.  International Higher Education, 66, 2-3.  

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K.  (2011).  Reconsidering Privatization in Cross-Border (Higher Education) Engagements: The Sometimes Public Nature of Private Activity.  Higher Education Policy, 24, 255-273.  

*Awarded the 2010 International Association of Universities – Palgrave Prize in Higher  Education Policy Research

 Lane, J.E. (2011).  Importing Private Higher Education:  International Branch Campuses.  Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 13(4), 367-381. 

 Kinser, K & Lane, J.E. (2010). Deciphering “Educational Hubs” Strategies: Rhetoric or Reality.  International Higher Education, 59, 18-19. 

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2010). The private nature of cross-border higher education. International Higher Education, 53, 11-14.

Lane, J. E. & Kinser, K., (2008), The Private Nature of Cross-Border Higher Education. International Higher Education,53, p. 11.

Lane, J. E. (2025). Systemness and Sustainability: Levers to Harness Multi-University Collaboration for Global Impact. In T. L. Killeen, D. Wuebbles, & J. E. Lane (Eds.), Pathways to sustainability: Collaborative solutions for a resilient future. University of Illinois Press.

 Lane, J.E. & Schueller, J. (2024). The Internationalization of Higher Education Systems. In J. Johnsen (ed.). The Future of Higher Education Systems. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Borgos, J. Kinser, K. & Kline, L. (2023). The Borderless Market for Open, Distance, and Digital Education. In O. Zawakcki & I. Jung (Eds). Handbook of Open distance, and Digital Education. Springer Publishing.

 Lane, J.E. & Farrurgia, CA. (2022). Which students are “international” at an international branch campus? Defining “international” when institutions, not students, cross borders. In A. Hayes & S. Findlow (eds). Constructions of (Inter-)national Students in the Middle East: Comparative Critical Perspectives. London: Routledge.  

 Lane, J.E. Kinser, K., & Zhang, Li.* (2018). Cross-Border Educational Accountability: Navigating Accountability Expectations when Education Crosses Borders. In Hazelkorn, E., Coates, H., and McCormick, A. (Eds.).  Research Handbook on Quality, Performance and Accountability in Higher Education.  Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Press.

Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2017). Five Models of International Branch Campus Facility Ownership. In Mihut, G., Altbach, P.G., de Wit, H. (eds). Understanding Higher Education Internationalization: Insights from Key Global Publications. The Netherlands: Sense Publishers. pp. 49-52.

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2016). Internationalization, Rankings, and National Strategies: trade-offs, policy levers, and (un)intended outcomes. In Hazelkorn, E. (Ed.). Global rankings and the geo-politics of higher education: Understanding the influence and impact of rankings on higher education, policy and society. London: Routledge. pp. 258-274.

 Lane, J.E. (2015). Higher Education Internationalization: Why Governments Care. In Ullberg, E. (Ed.). New Perspectives on Internationalization and Competitiveness: Integrating economics, innovation, and higher education. New York: Springer. pp. 17-30.

Owens, T. & Lane, J.E. (2014).  Cross-Border Higher Education: Global and Local Tensions with Competition and Economic Development.  In Portnoi, L. & Bagley, S. (Eds.). Critical Perspective on Global Competition in Higher Education.  San Francisco: Jossey-Bas: pp. 69-82.

 Lane, J.E. (2014).  The local impact of international branch campuses: educational, economic, and diplomatic factors.  In The Future of Higher Education in the UAE: Innovation and Knowledge Production.   Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. pp 123-152.  

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2014). International Joint and Double Degree Programs. In L.E. Rumbley, R.M. Helms, P. McGill Peterson, P.A. Altbach (eds.). Global Opportunities and Challenges for Higher Education Leaders: Briefs on Key Themes. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. (pp. 59-63). Reprinted from the International Briefs for Higher Education Leaders, No. 2 (listed below).

 Lane, J.E., Farrugia, C.A., Kinser, K. (2014). Establishing, Developing, and Closing International Branch Campuses.  In M. Magnan, M. Soderqvist, H., van Liempd, & F. Wittmann (eds.). EAIA Handbook on Internationalization.

Lane, J.E. & Owens, T. (2014).  Fostering Economic Competitiveness in China and the USA: Untangling the Web of Competing Regulations and Interests. In Qi, L. & Gerstl-Pepin, C. (eds.). Survival of the Fittest: The Shifting Contours of Higher Education in China and the United States. London: Springer-Verlag. pp.13-28.

 Lane, J.E. & Bhandari, R. (2014). Measuring Higher Education Internationalization. In J.E. Lane (ed.). Building a Smarter University: Data, Big Data, and Analytics. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.  pp. 239-262.

 Lane, J.E. & Kinser, K. (2013).  Cross-Border Higher Education in Africa.  In Wiseman, A. and Wolhuter, C.C. (Eds.). The Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges.  United Kingdom: Emerald.  pp. 99-126.

 Lane, J. E. (2013). Почему правительства должны заботиться о интернационализации высшего образования (Translated: Why governments should care about the internationalization of higher education). In Larinova, M. & O. Perfilieva  (Eds.). Rationales for Internationalization. Moscow: Logos Publishing House. pp. 139-160. [published in Russian]

 Lane, J.E. (2013). Partnerships and Outposts: A new role for U.S. Colleges and Universities in Latin America.  In Balan, J. (ed.).  Latin America’s New Knowledge Economy: Higher Education, Government, and International Partnerships.  New York City:  Institute for International Education. pp. 85-98.

 Lane, J.E. (2013). The Systemness of Internationalization Strategies:  How Higher Education Systems are Aiding Institutions with Globalization. In Lane, J.E. &  Johnstone, D. B. (eds.). Higher Education Systems 3.0: Exploring the opportunities & challenges of “systemness.” Albany, NY:  SUNY Press.  pp. 261-282.

 Lane, J.E. & Owens, T. (2012).  The International Dimensions of Economic Development. In Lane, J.E. &  Johnstone, D. B. (eds.). Universities and Colleges as Economic Drivers: Measuring and Building Success. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 205-238.

 Lane, J.E. (2011). Global Expansion of International Branch Campuses: Managerial and Leadership Challenges. In J.E. Lane, & K. Kinser, (Eds.). Multi-National Colleges & Universities: Leadership, Administration, and Governance of International Branch Campuses.  (New Directions for Higher Education).  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 3-18. 

 Lane, J.E.& Kinser, K. (2011). The Cross-Border Education Policy Context: Educational Hubs, Trade Liberalization, and National Sovereignty.  In J.E. Lane, & K. Kinser, (Eds.). Multi-National Colleges & Universities: Leadership, Administration, and Governance of International Branch Campuses.  (New Directions for Higher Education).  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 79-86.

 Lane, J.E. (2010).  Joint Ventures in Cross-Border Higher Education:  International Branch Campuses in Malaysia.  In D.W. Chapman & R. Sakamoto’ (eds). Cross Border Partnerships in Higher Education: Strategies and Issues.  New York: Routledge Publishing. pp. 67-92. 

 Lane, J. E., Brown, M.C., & Pearcey, M.A.* (2005). Transnational Campuses:  Obstacles and Opportunities for Institutional Research in the Global Education Market.  In. J.E. Lane & M.C. Brown. (Eds.). Examining Unique Campus Settings: Insights for Research and Assessment.  (New Directions for Institutional Research, volume 124). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 49-62.